Hibernate - Interview Questions

What is JDBC?

JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity and provides a set of Java API for accessing the relational databases from Java program. These Java APIs enables Java programs to execute SQL statements and interact with any SQL compliant database.

What is ORM?

ORM stands for Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) is a programming technique for converting data between relational databases and object oriented programming languages such as Java, C# etc.

What are the advantages of ORM over JDBC?

An ORM system has following advantages over plain JDBC

S.N.	Advantages
1	Lets business code access objects rather than DB tables.
2	Hides details of SQL queries from OO logic.
3	Based on JDBC 'under the hood'
4	No need to deal with the database implementation.
5	Entities based on business concepts rather than database structure.
6	Transaction management and automatic key generation.
7	Fast development of application.

Name some of the ORM frameworks based on JAVA.

There are several persistent frameworks and ORM options in Java.

• Enterprise JavaBeans Entity Beans
• Java Data Objects
• Castor
• TopLink
• Spring DAO
• Hibernate

What is Hibernate?

Hibernate is an Object-Relational Mapping(ORM) solution for JAVA and it raised as an open source persistent framework created by Gavin King in 2001. It is a powerful, high performance Object-Relational Persistence and Query service for any Java Application.

Hibernate maps Java classes to database tables and from Java data types to SQL data types and relieve the developer from 95% of common data persistence related programming tasks.

What are the advantages of using Hibernate?

Following are the advantages of using Hibernate.

• Hibernate takes care of mapping Java classes to database tables using XML files and without writing any line of code.
• Provides simple APIs for storing and retrieving Java objects directly to and from the database.
• If there is change in Database or in any table then the only need to change XML file properties.
• Abstract away the unfamiliar SQL types and provide us to work around familiar Java Objects.
• Hibernate does not require an application server to operate.
• Manipulates Complex associations of objects of your database.
• Minimize database access with smart fetching strategies.
• Provides Simple querying of data.

Name some of the databases that hibernate supports.

Hibernate supports almost all the major RDBMS. Following is list of few of the database engines supported by Hibernate.

• HSQL Database Engine
• DB2/NT
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• FrontBase
• Oracle
• Microsoft SQL Server Database
• Sybase SQL Server
• Informix Dynamic Server

Name some of the java based tools/frameworks that supports hibernate integration.

Hibernate supports a variety of other technologies, including the following:

• XDoclet Spring
• J2EE
• Eclipse plug-ins
• Maven

What are the key components/objects of hibernate?

Following are the key components/objects of Hibernate:

• Configuration - Represents a configuration or properties file required by the Hibernate.
• SessionFactory - Configures Hibernate for the application using the supplied configuration file and allows for a Session object to be instantiated.
• Session - Used to get a physical connection with a database.
• Transaction - Represents a unit of work with the database and most of the RDBMS supports transaction functionality.
• Query - Uses SQL or Hibernate Query Language (HQL) string to retrieve data from the database and create objects.
• Criteria - Used to create and execute object oriented criteria queries to retrieve objects.

What are the two key components of a hibernate configuration object?

The Configuration object provides two keys components:

• Database Connection: This is handled through one or more configuration files supported by Hibernate. These files are hibernate.properties and hibernate.cfg.xml.
• Class Mapping Setup
This component creates the connection between the Java classes and database tables.

What is a configuration object in hibernate?

The Configuration object is the first Hibernate object you create in any Hibernate application and usually created only once during application initialization. It represents a configuration or properties file required by the Hibernate.

What is a SessionFactory in hibernate?

Configuration object is used to create a SessionFactory object which inturn configures Hibernate for the application using the supplied configuration file and allows for a Session object to be instantiated. The SessionFactory is a thread safe object and used by all the threads of an application.

The SessionFactory is heavyweight object so usually it is created during application start up and kept for later use. You would need one SessionFactory object per database using a separate configuration file. So if you are using multiple databases then you would have to create multiple SessionFactory objects.

What is Session in hibernate?

A Session is used to get a physical connection with a database. The Session object is lightweight and designed to be instantiated each time an interaction is needed with the database. Persistent objects are saved and retrieved through a Session object.

The session objects should not be kept open for a long time because they are not usually thread safe and they should be created and destroyed them as needed.

What is Transaction in hibernate?

A Transaction represents a unit of work with the database and most of the RDBMS supports transaction functionality. Transactions in Hibernate are handled by an underlying transaction manager and transaction (from JDBC or JTA).

This is an optional object and Hibernate applications may choose not to use this interface, instead managing transactions in their own application code.

What is Query in hibernate?

Query objects use SQL or Hibernate Query Language (HQL) string to retrieve data from the database and create objects. A Query instance is used to bind query parameters, limit the number of results returned by the query, and finally to execute the query.

What is Criteria in hibernate?

Criteria object are used to create and execute object oriented criteria queries to retrieve objects.

Name some of the properties you would require to configure for a databases in a standalone situation.

S.N.	Properties and Description
1	hibernate.dialect This property makes Hibernate generate the appropriate SQL for the chosen database.
2	hibernate.connection.driver_class The JDBC driver class.
3	hibernate.connection.url The JDBC URL to the database instance.
4	hibernate.connection.username The database username.
5	hibernate.connection.password The database password.
6	hibernate.connection.pool_size Limits the number of connections waiting in the Hibernate database connection pool.
7	hibernate.connection.autocommit Allows autocommit mode to be used for the JDBC connection.

What are the three states of a persistent entity at a given point in time?

Instances may exist in one of the following three states at a given point in time:

• transient: A new instance of a a persistent class which is not associated with a Session and has no representation in the database and no identifier value is considered transient by Hibernate.
• persistent: You can make a transient instance persistent by associating it with a Session. A persistent instance has a representation in the database, an identifier value and is associated with a Session.
• detached: Once we close the Hibernate Session, the persistent instance will become a detached instance.

What is the purpose of Session.beginTransaction() method?

Session.beginTransaction method begins a unit of work and returns the associated Transaction object.

Which method is used to add a criteria to a query?

Session.createCriteria creates a new Criteria instance, for the given entity class, or a superclass of an entity class.

Which method is used to create a HQL query?

Session.createQuery creates a new instance of Query for the given HQL query string.

Which method is used to create a SQL query?

Session.createSQLQuery creates a new instance of SQLQuery for the given SQL query string.

Which method is used to remove a persistent instance from the datastore?

Session.delete removes a persistent instance from the datastore.

Which method is used to get a persistent instance from the datastore?

Session.get returns the persistent instance of the given named entity with the given identifier, or null if there is no such persistent instance.

Which method is used to re-read the state of the given instance from the underlying database?

Session.refresh re-reads the state of the given instance from the underlying database.

Which method is used to save the state of the given instance from the underlying database?

Session.save saves the state of the given instance from the underlying database.

Which method is used to update the state of the given instance from the underlying database?

Session.update updates the state of the given instance from the underlying database.

Which method is used to save or update the state of the given instance from the underlying database?

Session.saveOrUpdate either saves(Object) or updates(Object) the given instance.

What are persistent classes in hibernate?

Java classes whose objects or instances will be stored in database tables are called persistent classes in Hibernate.

What are the best practices that hibernate recommends for persistent classes.

There are following main rules of persistent classes, however, none of these rules are hard requirements.

• All Java classes that will be persisted need a default constructor.
• All classes should contain an ID in order to allow easy identification of your objects within Hibernate and the database. This property maps to the primary key column of a database table.
• All attributes that will be persisted should be declared private and have getXXX and setXXX methods defined in the JavaBean style.
• A central feature of Hibernate, proxies, depends upon the persistent class being either non-final, or the implementation of an interface that declares all public methods.
• All classes that do not extend or implement some specialized classes and interfaces required by the EJB framework.

Where Object/relational mappings are defined in hibernate?

An Object/relational mappings are usually defined in an XML document. This mapping file instructs Hibernate how to map the defined class or classes to the database tables. We should save the mapping document in a file with the format <classname>.hbm.xml.

What is root node of hbm.xml?

The mapping document is an XML document having <hibernate-mapping> as the root element which contains all the <class> elements.

Which element of hbm.xml defines a specific mappings from a Java classes to the database tables?

The <class> elements are used to define specific mappings from a Java classes to the database tables. The Java class name is specified using the name attribute of the class element and the database table name is specified using the table attribute.

Which element of hbm.xml defines maps the unique ID attribute in class to the primary key of the database table?

The <id> element maps the unique ID attribute in class to the primary key of the database table. The name attribute of the id element refers to the property in the class and the column attribute refers to the column in the database table. The type attribute holds the hibernate mapping type, this mapping types will convert from Java to SQL data type.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to automatically generate the primary key values?

The <generator> element within the id element is used to automatically generate the primary key values. Set the class attribute of the generator element is set to native to let hibernate pick up either identity, sequence or hilo algorithm to create primary key depending upon the capabilities of the underlying database.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a Java class property to a column in the database table?

The <property> element is used to map a Java class property to a column in the database table. The name attribute of the element refers to the property in the class and the column attribute refers to the column in the database table. The type attribute holds the hibernate mapping type, this mapping types will convert from Java to SQL data type.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a java.util.Set property in hibernate?

This is mapped with a <set> element and initialized with java.util.HashSet.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a java.util.SortedSet property in hibernate?

This is mapped with a <set> element and initialized with java.util.TreeSet. The sort attribute can be set to either a comparator or natural ordering.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a java.util.List property in hibernate?

This is mapped with a <list> element and initialized with java.util.ArrayList.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a java.util.Collection property in hibernate?

This is mapped with a <bag> or <ibag> element and initialized with java.util.ArrayList.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a java.util.Map property in hibernate?

This is mapped with a <map> element and initialized with java.util.HashMap.

Which element of hbm.xml is used to map a java.util.SortedMap property in hibernate?

This is mapped with a <map> element and initialized with java.util.TreeMap. The sort attribute can be set to either a comparator or natural ordering.

What is many-to-one association?

A many-to-one association is the most common kind of association where an Object can be associated with multiple objects. For example a same address object can be associated with multiple employee objects.

<many-to-one> element is used to define many-to-one association. The name attribute is set to the defined variable in the parent class. The column attribute is used to set the column name in the parent table.

What is one-to-one association?

A one-to-one association is similar to many-to-one association with a difference that the column will be set as unique. For example an address object can be associated with a single employee object.

<many-to-one> element is used to define one-to-one association. The name attribute is set to the defined variable in the parent class. The column attribute is used to set the column name in the parent table which is set to unique so that only one object can be associated with an other object.

What is one-to-many association?

In One-to-Many mapping association, an object can be can be associated with multiple objects. For example Employee object relates to many Certificate objects.

A One-to-Many mapping can be implemented using a Set java collection that does not contain any duplicate element.

<one-to-many> element of set element indicates that one object relates to many other objects.

What is many-to-many association?

A Many-to-Many mapping can be implemented using a Set java collection that does not contain any duplicate element.

<many-to-many> element indicates that one object relates to many other objects and column attributes are used to link intermediate column.

Is SessionFactory a thread-safe object?

Yes, SessionFactory is a thread-safe and can be accessed by multiple threads simultaneously.

Is Session a thread-safe object?

No, Session is not thread-safe.

What is the difference between save() and persist() methods of session object?

session.save saves the object and returns the id of the instance whereas persist do not return anything after saving the instance.

What is the difference between get() and load() methods of session object?

There are following differences between get() and load() methods.

• get() returns null if no data is present where as load throws ObjectNotFoundException exception in such case.
• get() always hits the database whereas load() method doesn't hit the database.
• get() returns actual object whereas load() returns proxy object.
• A central feature of Hibernate, proxies, depends upon the persistent class being either non-final, or the implementation of an interface that declares all public methods.
• All classes that do not extend or implement some specialized classes and interfaces required by the EJB framework.

What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is a technique in which objects are loaded on demand basis. Since Hibernate 3, lazy loading is by default, enabled so that child objects are not loaded when parent is loaded.

What is HQL?

HQL stands for Hibernate Query Language. It takes java objects in the same way as SQL takes tables. HQL is a Object Oriented Query language and is database independent.

What is first level cache in hibernate?

The first-level cache is the Session cache and is a mandatory cache through which all requests must pass. The Session object keeps an object under its own power before committing it to the database.

What is second level cache in hibernate?

Second level cache is an optional cache and first-level cache will always be consulted before any attempt is made to locate an object in the second-level cache. The second-level cache can be configured on a per-class and per-collection basis and mainly responsible for caching objects across sessions.

What is Query level cache in hibernate?

Hibernate also implements a cache for query resultsets that integrates closely with the second-level cache.

This is an optional feature and requires two additional physical cache regions that hold the cached query results and the timestamps when a table was last updated. This is only useful for queries that are run frequently with the same parameters.

What are concurrency strategies?

A concurrency strategy is a mediator which responsible for storing items of data in the cache and retrieving them from the cache. If you are going to enable a second-level cache, you will have to decide, for each persistent class and collection, which cache concurrency strategy to use.

• Transactional: Use this strategy for read-mostly data where it is critical to prevent stale data in concurrent transactions,in the rare case of an update.
• Read-write: Again use this strategy for read-mostly data where it is critical to prevent stale data in concurrent transactions,in the rare case of an update.
• Nonstrict-read-write: This strategy makes no guarantee of consistency between the cache and the database. Use this strategy if data hardly ever changes and a small likelihood of stale data is not of critical concern.
• Read-only: A concurrency strategy suitable for data which never changes. Use it for reference data only.

Source:https://www.tutorialspoint.com

Eliminate Gastritis And Heartburn Forever Using This Effective Remedy

Our stomach is an organ that lies between the esophagus and the small intestine and is responsible for the process of digestion. This process can be affected by numerous factors and conditions such as gastritis, a disease which occurs when the lining of the mucous membrane of the stomach is inflamed. Gastritis causes small red spots on our skin which can be pretty annoying and painful.

>

he disease is usually caused by unhealthy diet, stress or alcohol and drug abuse. According to experts, gastritis is treatable, but prescribed medications often fail to provide results. Luckily, we’re going to show you a few natural remedies which can relieve the disease.

Rice water

Boil some rice in a liter of water, then leave it to cool down and strain the mixture. Keep the liquid in a bottle and drink the rice water twice a day to relieve the symptoms of gastritis.

Parsley water

Parsley is a powerful diuretic which possesses anti-inflammatory properties that will soothe the mucous membrane of your stomach. Boil a bunch of parsley in a liter of water, then leave the tea to cool down before straining the mixture. Drink the parsley tea during the day – we recommend leaving it in the fridge for a more refreshing drink.

Carrot and celery juice

Mix 2 carrots, a couple of celery stalks and some water in a blender and drink the juice to relieve heartburn.

Apple and chamomile

Peel an apple and boil it with a cup of chamomile in some water, then drink the beverage every morning for some much needed relief.

Ginger and pear

Make some ginger and pear tea and drink it during the day to relieve the symptoms of gastritis and heartburn.

Source:http://healthylifeadviser.com/

When You See Why She Bakes Her Eggshells, You’ll Never Throw Them Away Again(VIDEO)

If you think you know how to use all the vitamins and minerals from your egg? Think again. If you put your egg into a bowl and toss the shell into the garbage can, you are missing out great health benefits.
Researchers studied the egg shell for more than 10 years and found that lots of reasons to keep the shell around, says LA Healthy Living.

Health Benefits of Egg Shells

Eggshells is full of minerals which are great for the bones.

“Eggshells contain the perfect amount of the ideal substances for healing cavities–massive amounts of calcium and 27 other minerals. The composition of eggshells resembles our teeth,” according to LA Healthy Living.

LA Healthy Living also says that eggshells will speed healing in orthopedic diseases.  Live Strong  says that the vitamins and minerals in eggshell will be good for reducing bone loss in post-menopausal women.

Toxinless, says that eggshell calcium increased mineral density in the hip.

Considerations:

If you want to try to make eggshell calcium yourself (a simple recipe you can do in your own kitchen), there are a few things to think about.One of that is mentioned by LA Healthy Living and they recommend choosing organic eggs to avoid chemicals and hormones.

Second, cleaning. In order to avoid food poisoning with salmonella cook the eggs you plan to use at 140 degrees for at least 3 1/2 minutes to kill bacteria.

Preparation:

We have a video below that will show you every step and will give you a precise instructions for preparing calcium powder.

It takes about 30 minutes (including boiling, baking and grinding) and when you are done you’ll have a fine, white powder you can add to your food or take as a supplement.

Remember to store your new supplement in sealed container, in the refrigerator

source:http://www.healthyfoodelements.com/

MICROSOFT SQL SERVER INTERVIEW QUESTION PART-3

61. What is CTE?

CTE is an abbreviation Common Table Expression. A Common Table Expression (CTE) is an expression that can be thought of as a temporary result set which is defined within the execution of a single SQL statement. A CTE is similar to a derived table in that it is not stored as an object and lasts only for the duration of the query.

62. What is MERGE Statement?

MERGE is a new feature that provides an efficient way to perform multiple DML operations. In previous versions of SQL Server, we had to write separate statements to INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE data based on certain conditions, but now, using MERGE statement we can include the logic of such data modifications in one statement that even checks when the data is matched then just update it and when unmatched then insert it. One of the most important advantages of MERGE statement is all the data is read and processed only once.

63. What is Filtered Index?

Filtered Index is used to index a portion of rows in a table that means it applies filter on INDEX which improves query performance, reduce index maintenance costs, and reduce index storage costs compared with full-table indexes. When we see an Index created with some where clause then that is actually a FILTERED INDEX.

> 64. Which are new data types introduced in SQL SERVER 2008?

1. The GEOMETRY Type: The GEOMETRY data type is a system .NET common language runtime (CLR) data type in SQL Server. This type represents data in a two-dimensional Euclidean coordinate system.

2. The GEOGRAPHY Type: The GEOGRAPHY datatype’s functions are the same as with GEOMETRY. The difference between the two is that when you specify GEOGRAPHY, you are usually specifying points in terms of latitude and longitude.

3. New Date and Time Datatypes: SQL Server 2008 introduces four new datatypes related to date and time: DATE, TIME, DATETIMEOFFSET, and DATETIME2.

 DATE: The new DATE type just stores the date itself. It is based on the Gregorian calendar and handles years from 1 to 9999.

 TIME: The new TIME (n) type stores time with a range of 00:00:00.0000000 through 23:59:59.9999999. The precision is allowed with this type. TIME supports seconds down to 100 nanoseconds. The n in TIME (n) defines this level of fractional second precision, from 0 to 7 digits of precision.

 The DATETIMEOFFSET Type: DATETIMEOFFSET (n) is the time-zone- aware version of a datetime datatype. The name will appear less odd when you consider what it really is: a date + a time + a time-zone offset. The offset is based on how far behind or ahead you are from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time.

 The DATETIME2 Type: It is an extension of the datetime type in earlier versions of SQL Server. This new datatype has a date range covering dates from January 1 of year 1 through December 31 of year 9999. This is a definite improvement over the 1753 lower boundary of the datetime datatype. DATETIME2 not only includes the larger date range, but also has a timestamp and the same fractional precision that TIME type provides

65. What are the Advantages of using CTE?

1. Using CTE improves the readability and makes maintenance of complex queries easy.

2. The query can be divided into separate, simple, logical building blocks which can be then used to build more complex CTEs until final result set is generated.

3. CTE can be defined in functions, stored procedures, triggers or even views.

4. After a CTE is defined, it can be used as a Table or a View and can SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE Data.

66. What is CLR?

In SQL Server 2008, SQL Server objects such as user-defined functions can be created using such CLR languages. This CLR language support extends not only to user-defined functions, but also to stored procedures and triggers. You can develop such CLR add-ons to SQL Server using Visual Studio 2008.

67. What are synonyms?

Synonyms give you the ability to provide alternate names for database objects. You can alias object names; for example, using the Employee table as Emp. You can also shorten names. This is especially useful when dealing with three and four part names; for example, shortenin server.database.owner.object to object.

68. What is LINQ?

Language Integrated Query (LINQ) adds the ability to query objects using .NET languages. The LINQ to SQL object/relational mapping (O/RM) framework provides the following basic features:

1. Tools to create classes (usually called entities) mapped to database tables

2. Compatibility with LINQ&#39;s standard query operations

3. The DataContext class, with features such as entity record monitoring, automatic SQL statement generation, record concurrency detection, and much more

69. What is Isolation Levels?

Transactions specify an isolation level that defines the degree to which one transaction must be isolated from resource or data modifications made by other transactions. Isolation levels are described in terms of which concurrency side-effects, such as dirty reads or phantom reads, are allowed.

Transaction isolation levels control:

1. Whether locks are taken when data is read, and what type of locks are requested.

2. How long the read locks are held.

3. Whether a read operation referencing rows modified by another transaction:

 Blocks until the exclusive lock on the row is freed.

 Retrieves the committed version of the row that existed at the time the statement or transaction started.

 Reads the uncommitted data modification.

70. What is use of EXCEPT Clause?

EXCEPT clause is similar to MINUS operation in Oracle. The EXCEPT query and MINUS query returns all rows in the first query that are not returned in the second query. Each SQL statement within the EXCEPT query and MINUS query must have the same number of fields in the result sets with similar data types.

71. How would you handle error in SQL SERVER 2008?

SQL Server now supports the use of TRY...CATCH con handling. TRY...CATCH lets us build error handling at the level we need, in the way w to, by setting a region where if any error occurs, it will break out of the region and head to an error handler.

The basic structure is as follows:

BEGIN TRY

stmts..

END TRY

BEGIN CATCH

stmts..

END CATCH

72. What is RAISEERROR?

RaiseError generates an error message and initiates error processing for the session. RAISERROR can either reference a user-defined message stored in the sys.messages catalog view or build a message dynamically. The message is returned as a server error message to the calling application or to an associated CATCH block of a TRY | CATCH construct.

73. How to rebuild Master Database?

Master database is system database and it contains information about running server&#39;s configuration. When SQL Server 2005 is installed it usually creates master, model, msdb, tempdb resource and distribution system database by default. Only Master database is th one which is absolutely must have database. Without Master database SQL Server cannot be started. This is the reason it is extremely important to backup Master database.

To rebuild the Master database, Run Setup.exe, verify, and repair a SQL Server instance, and rebuild the system databases. This procedure is most often used to rebuild the master database for a corrupted installation of SQL Server.

74. What is XML Datatype?

The xml data type lets you store XML documents and fragments in a SQL Server database. An XML fragment is an XML instance that is missing a single top-level element. You can create columns and variables of the xml type and store XML instances in them. The xml data type and associated methods help integrate XML into the relational framework of S Server.

75. What is Data Compression?

In SQL SERVE 2008 Data Compression comes in two flavors:

1. Row Compression: Row compression changes the format of physical storage of data. It minimize the metadata (column information, length, offsets etc) associated with each record. Numeric data types and fixed length strings are stored in variable-length storage format, just like Varchar.

2. Page Compression: Page compression allows common data to be shared between rows for a given page. Its uses the following techniques to compress data:

 Row compression.

 Prefix Compression. For every column in a page duplicate prefixes are identified.

These prefixes are saved in compression information headers (CI) which resides after page header. A reference number is assigned to these prefixes and that reference number is replaced where ever those prefixes are being used.

3. Dictionary Compression: Dictionary compression searches for duplicate values throughout the page and stores them in CI. The main difference between prefix and dictionary compression is that prefix is only restricted to one column while dictionary is applicable to the complete page.

76. What is Catalogue Views?

Catalogue views return information that is used by the SQL Server Database Engine. Catalogue Views are the most general interface to the catalogue metadata and provide the most efficient way to obtain, transform, and present customized forms of this information. All user- available catalogue metadata is exposed through catalogue views.

77. What is PIVOT and UNPIVOT?

A Pivot Table can automatically sort, count, and total the data stored in one table or spreadsheet and create a second table displaying the summarized data. The PIVOT operator turns the values of a specified column into column names, effectively rotating a table. UNPIVOT table is reverse of PIVOT Table

78. What is Dirty Read ?

A dirty read occurs when two operations say, read and write occurs together giving the incorrect or unedited data. Suppose, A has changed a row, but has not committed the changes. B reads the uncommitted data but his view of the data may be wrong so that is Dirty Read.


79. What is Aggregate Functions?

Aggregate functions perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value. Aggregate functions ignore NULL values except COUNT function. HAVING clause is used, along with GROUP BY, for filtering query using aggregate values.

Following functions are aggregate functions.

AVG, MIN CHECKSUM_AGG, SUM, COUNT, STDEV, COUNT_BIG, STDEVP, GROUPING, VAR, MAX. VARP


80. What do you mean by Table Sample?

TABLESAMPLE allows you to extract a sampling of rows from a table in the FROM clause. The rows retrieved are random and they are not in any order. This sampling can be based on a percentage of number of rows. You can use TABLESAMPLE when only a sampling of rows is necessary for the application instead of a full result set.

81. What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

1. UNION The UNION command is used to select related information from two tables, much like the JOIN command. However, when using the UNION command all selected columns need to be of the same data type. With UNION, only distinct values are selected.

2. UNION ALL The UNION ALL command is equal to the UNION command, except that UNION ALL selects all values.

The difference between Union and Union all is that Union all will not eliminate duplicate rows, instead it just pulls all rows from all tables fitting your query specifics and combines them into a table.

82. What is B-Tree?

The database server uses a B-tree structure to organize index information. B-Tree generally has following types of index pages or nodes:

1. root node: A root node contains node pointers to branch nodes which can be only one.

2. branch node: A branch node contains pointers to leaf nodes or other branch nodes which can be two or more.

3. leaf nodes: A leaf node contains index items and orizantal pointers to other leaf nodes which can be many.

Microsoft SQL Server Interview Question Part-2

31. What is SQL Profiler?


SQL Profiler is a graphical tool that allows system administrators to monitor events in an instance of Microsoft SQL Server. You can capture and save data about each event to a file or SQL Server table to analyze later.

For example, you can monitor a production environment to see which stored procedures are hampering performances by executing too slowly.

Use SQL Profiler to monitor only the events in which you are interested. If traces are becoming too large, you can filter them based on the information you want, so that only a subset of the event data is collected. Monitoring too many events adds overhead to the server and the monitoring process and can cause the trace file or trace table to grow very large, especially when the monitoring process takes place over a long period of time.


32. What are the authentication modes in SQL Server? How can it be changed?

Windows mode and Mixed Mode - SQL and Windows. To change authentication mode in SQL Server click Start, Programs, Microsoft SQL Server and click SQL Enterprise Manager to run SQL Enterprise Manager from the Microsoft SQL Server program group. Select the server then from the Tools menu select SQL Server Configuration Properties, and choose the Security page

33. Which command using Query Analyzer will give you the version of SQL server and operating system?

SELECT SERVERPROPERTY (&#39;productversion&#39;), SERVERPROPERTY (&#39;productlevel&#39;), SERVERPROPERTY (&#39;edition&#39;).

34. What is SQL Server Agent?

SQL Server agent plays an important role in the day-to- day tasks of a database administrator (DBA). It is often overlooked as one of the main tools for SQL Server management. Its purpose is to ease the implementation of tasks for the DBA, with its full- function scheduling engine, which allows you to schedule your own jobs and scripts.

Yes. Because Transact-SQL supports recursion, you can write stored procedures that call themselves. Recursion can be defined as a method of problem solving wherein the solution is arrived at by repetitively applying it to subsets of the problem. A common application of recursive logic is to perform numeric computations that lend themselves to repetitive evaluation by the same processing steps. Stored procedures are nested when one stored procedure calls another or executes managed code by referencing a CLR routine, type, or aggregate. You can nest stored procedures and managed code references up to 32 levels.

36. What is Log Shipping?

Log shipping is the process of automating the backup of database and transaction log files on a production SQL server, and then restoring them onto a standby server. Enterprise Editions only supports log shipping. In log shipping the transactional log file from one server is automatically updated into the backup database on the other server. If one server fails, the other server will have the same db and can be used this as the Disaster Recovery plan. The key feature of log shipping is that it will automatically backup transaction logs throughout the day and automatically restore them on the standby server at defined interval.

37. Name 3 ways to get an accurate count of the number of records in a table?

SELECT * FROM table1

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table1

SELECT rows FROM sysindexes WHERE id = OBJECT_ID(table1) AND indid &lt; 2

38. What does it mean to have QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON? What are the implications of having it OFF?

When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON, identifiers can be delimited by double quotation marks, and literals must be delimited by single quotation marks. When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is OFF, identifiers cannot be quoted and must follow all Transact-SQL rules for identifiers

39. What is the difference between a Local and a Global temporary table?

1. A local temporary table exists only for the duration of a connection or, if defined inside a compound statement, for the duration of the compound statement.

2. A global temporary table remains in the database permanently, but the rows exist only within a given connection. When connection is closed, the data in the global temporary table disappears. However, the table definition remains with the database for access when database is opened next time.

40. What is the STUFF function and how does it differ from the REPLACE function?

STUFF function is used to overwrite existing characters. Using this syntax, STUFF (string_expression, start, length, replacement_characters), string_expression is the string that will have characters substituted, start is the starting position, length is the number of characters in the string that are substituted, and replacement_characters are the new characters interjected into the string. REPLACE function to replace existing characters of all occurrences. Using the syntax REPLACE (string_expression, search_string, replacement_string), where every incidence of search_string found in the string_expression will be replaced with replacement_string.

41. What is PRIMARY KEY?

A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify each row and only one primary key constraint can be created for each table. The primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity.

42. What is UNIQUE KEY constraint?

A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns, so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity as the primary key constraints.

43. What is FOREIGN KEY?

A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would destroy links between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.

44. What is CHECK Constraint?

A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column. The check constraints are used to enforce domain integrity.

45. What is NOT NULL Constraint?

A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.

46. How to get @@ERROR and @@ROWCOUNT at the same time?

If @@Rowcount is checked after Error checking statement then it will have 0 as the value of @@Recordcount as it would have been reset. And if @@Recordcount is checked before the error- checking statement then @@Error would get reset. To get @@error and @@rowcount at the same time do both in same statement and store them in local variable.

SELECT @RC = @@ROWCOUNT, @ER = @@ERROR

47. What is a Scheduled Jobs or What is a Scheduled Tasks?

Scheduled tasks let user automate processes that run on regular or predictable cycles. User can schedule administrative tasks, such as cube processing, to run during times of slow business activity. User can also determine the order in which tasks run by creating job steps within a SQL Server Agent job. E.g. back up database, Update Stats of Tables. Job steps give user control over flow of execution. If one job fails, user can configure SQL Server Agent to continue to run the remaining tasks or to stop execution.

48. What are the advantages of using Stored Procedures?

1. Stored procedure can reduced network traffic and latency, boosting application performance.

2. Stored procedure execution plans can be reused, staying cached in SQL Server&#39;s memory, reducing server overhead.

3. Stored procedures help promote code reuse.

4. Stored procedures can encapsulate logic. You can change stored procedure code without affecting clients.

5. Stored procedures provide better security to your data.

49. What is a table called, if it has neither Cluster nor Non-cluster Index? What is it used for?

Unindexed table or Heap. Microsoft Press Books and Book on Line (BOL) refers it as Heap. A heap is a table that does not have a clustered index and, therefore, the pages are not linked by pointers. The IAM pages are the only structures that link the pages in a table together. Unindexed tables are good for fast storing of data. Many times it is better to drop all indexes from table and then do bulk of inserts and to restore those indexes after that.

50. Can SQL Servers linked to other servers like Oracle?

SQL Server can be linked to any server provided it has OLE-DB provider from Microsoft to allow a link. E.g. Oracle has an OLE-DB provider for oracle that Microsoft provides to add it as linked server to SQL Server group.

51. What is BCP? When does it used?

BulkCopy is a tool used to copy huge amount of data from tables and views. BCP does not copy the structures same as source to destination. BULK INSERT command helps to import a data file into a database table or view in a user-specified format.

52. How to implement one-to- one, one-to- many and many-to- many relationships while designing tables?

One-to- One relationship can be implemented as a single table and rarely as two tables with primary and foreign key relationships. One-to- Many relationships are implemented by splitting the data into two tables with primary key and foreign key relationships. Many-to- Many relationships are implemented using a junction table with the keys from both the tables forming the composite primary key of the junction table.

53. What is an execution plan? When would you use it? How would you view the execution plan?

An execution plan is basically a road map that graphically or textually shows the data retrieval methods chosen by the SQL Server query optimizer for a stored procedure or ad- hoc query and is a very useful tool for a developer to understand the performance characteristics of a query or stored procedure since the plan is the one that SQL Server will place in its cache and use to execute the stored procedure or query. From within Query Analyzer is an option called &quot;Show Execution Plan&quot; (located on the Query drop-down menu). If this option is turned on it will display query execution plan in separate window when query is ran again

54. What are the basic functions for master, msdb, model, tempdb and resource databases?

 The master database holds information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance and is theglue that holds the engine together. Because SQL Server cannot start without a functioning masterdatabase, you must administer this database with care.

 The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTS packages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.

 The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures.

 The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created in the instance.

 The resoure Database is a read-only database that contains all the system objects that are included with SQL Server. SQL Server system objects, such as sys.objects, are physically persisted in the Resource database, but they logically appear in the sys schema of every database. The Resource database does not contain user data or user metadata.

55. What is Service Broker?

Service Broker is a message-queuing technology in SQL Server that allows developers to integrate SQL Server fully into distributed applications. Service Broker is feature which provides facility to SQL Server to send an asynchronous, transactional message. it allows a database to send a message to another database without waiting for the response, so the application will continue to function if the remote database is temporarily unavailable.

56. Where SQL server user names and passwords are stored in SQL server?

They get stored in System Catalog Views sys.server_principals and sys.sql_logins.

57. What is Policy Management?

Policy Management in SQL SERVER 2008 allows you to define and enforce policies for configuring and managing SQL Server across the enterprise. Policy-Based Management is configured in SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS). Navigate to the Object Explorer and expand the Management node and the Policy Management node; you will see the Policies, Conditions, and Facets nodes.

58. What is Replication and Database Mirroring?

Database mirroring can be used with replication to provide availability for the publication database. Database mirroring involves two copies of a single database that typically reside on different computers. At any given time, only one copy of the database is currently available to clients which are known as the principal database. Updates made by clients to the principal database are applied on the other copy of the database, known as the mirror database. Mirroring involves applying the transaction log from every insertion, update, or deletion made on the principal database onto the mirror database.

A sparse column is another tool used to reduce the amount of physical storage used in a database. They are the ordinary columns that have an optimized storage for null values. Sparse columns reduce the space requirements for null values at the cost of more overhead to retrieve nonnull values

60. What does TOP Operator Do?

The TOP operator is used to specify the number of rows to be returned by a query. The TOP operator has new addition in SQL SERVER 2008 that it accepts variables as well as literal values and can be used with INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETES statements.