Top Linux Distributions To look Forward To In 2017

1. VeltOS

I like to attribute Linux with the saying by the community, for the community! You don’t necessarily have to agree with me but technically, it is what it is.

VeltOS by Velt technologies is an operating system that is birth to take a rather unusual approach to Linux – particularly in the sense that it’s going to an entirely driven community project. The devs will pretty much let you decide what and what not you will like to see or rather not see in the operating system.

This I like to call clean politics (if you may) or rather, pure FOSS. VeltOS is giving power to its users to shape up the operating to what they want it to be, the feature base and everything else is entirely community dependent.

You will pretty much decide what the operating system will look, act, and feel like in a voting platform. You can pretty much create a new poll requesting a feature or asking one to be removed. Whatever Velt shapes up to be is entirely in your hands.

However, it’s important to know that VeltOS is still very young and they had only released TP1 (technical preview one) three months ago and unsurprisingly, it gained the attention of the industry. In the light of the fact that you might argue that what they bring to the table isn’t entirely new (as quite a few distros sometimes take suggestions from their users essentially to help better the system) VOS is entirely meant to be built by you in the spirit of open source.

VOS is different in the sense that you the user are the visionair and along with other users in the community, you campaign for what else it is you might want to see in the next iteration of the operating system.

VOS is based off Arch Linux especially because of its lightweight and rolling release nature and it is particularly known for its versatility, simplicity and cutting edge software. Arch provides its own software via the Pacman Package Manager and due to its rolling release model, you will always get the latest security updates and software packages.

Don’t Miss: Arch Linux Installation and Configuration Guide

Technical preview one is essentially a test release to see where the community will take it from there. TP1 comes bundled with a tweaked version of the Budgie DE from the Solus Project with Light display manager for user sessions and greeter (login screen) – and Numix theming for aesthetics.

Fast forward to December 2015 and the VOS devs have received numerous feedback from their user base in regard what features TP2 should come bundled with.

The team is currently hard at work and will be writing an entirely new DE al’a VDE (Velt desktop environment) from scratch in Vala and C.

The Co-founder Stefan Kwiecinski in response to an inquiry said, “We will not be forking Budgie, there was a miscommunication on that. Technical Preview One ships a tweaked version of Budgie. As for Technical Preview Two, we are hard at work building an entirely new desktop environment written in Vala and C. We are doing this because votes from the voting platform doesn’t agree with much of existing/future versions of Budgie”.

VDE will be built with google’s material design principles in mind – essentially with Google’s Material GUI – and will debut with the technical preview 2 of VOS. We got in touch with Stefan and according to him, “If all goes well, we are on track for the 25th of March for TP2”.

Does not necessarily mean that it is certain that we’ll see TP2 in March next year, it could be earlier or later as the VOS development team is quite small.

In the meantime, if you’d like to give VeltOS a spin in its current state (TP1 with Budgie DE), you may go ahead and download the image but be sure to only try it in a virtual environment. We recommend use VirtualBox to give a try.

2. PapyrOS

Formerly QuartzOS then QuantumOS, – the whole idea behind PapyrOS completely revolves around a Material designed operating system with an Arch base.

Michael Spencer who is the lead developer of the project originally births the idea sometime early last year after which development took off in November 2014.

PapyrOS lingers around the idea of an operating system suited for the “normal human” and those in FOSS world alike.

Don’t Miss: 3 Best Arch-based User Friendly Distributions of 2015

The project is currently in a pre-alpha stage and it has a progress bar on the Papyros website to keep track of development and even an Android app that will equally update on the progress of the project.

PapyrOS is pretty much simplified, eye candy material designed desktop environment with an Arch base that aims to take user-friendliness to another level in Linux land. With Arch’s rolling release nature, Papyros will support atomic upgrades and rollbacks – in case something breaks – and this is made possible with OsTree.

Furthermore, PapyrOS will support integration with all your usual web services which includes Gmail, Inbox, and Evernote to better your desktop experience.
Aside the aforementioned features, the operating system will also come with its own cross-platform application development framework that will be based off QtQuick.

Papyros’s desktop shell – that can currently be tried on an Arch-based Linux machine (code below) – is been developed in Qt 5 and QML (on top of the QtCompositor API in order to use XWayland) for highly polished and dynamic interfaces for the Material GUI that they’ve been working on implementing all through the operating system and stock apps.

Download Papyros Shell on Arch

First, add the following lines to your /etc/pacman.conf file, above the default repositories:

[papyros]
SigLevel = Never
Server = http://dash.papyros.io/repos/$repo/$arch

Then, run

# pacman -Syu
# pacman -S papyros-shell

You can test the shell by running it in a new window on top of your desktop:

papyros-session

The progress bar is currently at 89% and it may drop or rise depending on new or old cases that may include bug discovery or a request for a new feature.
Most importantly, the project is making progress are by the time it hits a 100%, the first alpha will be ready – at version 0.1.

Their code is completely open source and currently available on GitHub.

PapyrOS promises so much more than just a material themed user interface. The operating system like VeltOS will also be targeting typical computing users – to provide an optimal Linux experience with an Arch base.

You can find Papyros at http://papyros.io.

3. Korora

Korora is an already established distro that was originally based off Gentoo Linux in 2005 after which the project was reborn in the year 2010 to be based off Fedora – essentially as a remix with tweaks and other nifty additions – to make for a direct usability without the need of post configuration after system installation – essentially to have your system working outside the box.

Korora Cinnamon Desktop

Korora is based off Fedora and it’s essentially different in the sense that it offers third party repositories so that you can easily get the applications you wouldn’t normally get on fedora without some post configuration after installing the system.

Korora still shares a strong tie with Fedora as it’s using the default repositories of the latter for its core system update. The operating system’s main is goal is to significantly increase the user base of Fedora while still offering great technology – which has been working for them.

Just recently they proposed to merge their project with that of OzonOS (also based on Fedora) – that is no more in active development (essentially due to insufficient funding and a small dev team) – in an effort to better the aesthetics of the Korora operating system – which will of course attract more users – especially gamers – according to the about page of the now old OzonOS webpage.

We are curious on how the Korora dev team intend to merge OzonOS with theirs. There’s no implementation as of yet but if I am right, 2016 should start seeing some changes take place with Korora.

Korora is currently available in five different flavors namely: Gnome, KDE, XFCE, and Mate – they pretty much share the same base as it is with every other distro that come in multiple variants.

It is also worth noting that Korora will come with third party driver support for all ye Nvidia and AMD graphic card owners.

As you might have expected, the project is open source and you can find out more on their official website at https://kororaproject.org and on their GitHub account.

4. SolusOS

We certainly know of Debian, Arch, Ubuntu, Gentoo, and their respective derivatives that altogether ring out at over 300 different distributions – most of which are suited for a particular audience – with quite a handful standing out of the majority.

Chances are your current distro is based off the aforementioned parent bases, but then how about something entirely new and different?.

The Solus project originally started as SolusOS and was based on Debian after which the devs scratched it out and started a second SolusOS (Solus OS 2) – that is apparently the forerunner to all current work (up to the all new SOS) – that was being built from scratch after which the project was shut down.

Fast-forward to February 2014 and EvolveOS is born – pretty much sharing the same code base and Vision as the second iteration of SolusOS (that was shut down).

EvolveOS saw early Alpha builds up to Beta releases after which the project encountered some issue with its name and was rebranded as Solus Operating System – essentially as the the very first releases except that the SOS – if you may – is under the entirety of the Solus Project “to encompass all the work owned/maintained by the project (And thus mitigate legal concerns)” said Ikey – for lack of a better way to put it.

On to the gory details! Ikey Doherty ( who is the project founder/manager) started off SOS with the main goal of building an operating system from scratch.

SOS features an entirely new DE – Budgie that is based off Gnome 3 shell and not – essentially, the desktop environment leverages Gnome 3 stack underneath the hood while offering a custom window manager – Budgie-wm and a panel with the moniker Budgie-panel that showcases a new sidebar and other mouth watering and much appreciable additions to the user interface.

The desktop has been re-rewitten according to Ikey Doherty and you can see a video of a few nifty features that it will come bundled with on Christmas day.

OS utilizes the PiSi package manager and eopkg in the CLI which of course, is unlike the apt-get and pacman commands that you’re typically used to. However, you find equivalents between apt-get and pisi as posted by the lead developer – Ikey Doherty.

To lay emphasis on that, – we reached out to the lead developer, Ikey – and according to him, “The package format is .eopkg, and the package manager was forked around 3 years ago from the Pardus Linux “PiSi” package manager (*not* the Pisi Linux Project, who forked Pardus in it’s entirety.)”.

source: techmint.com

5 Reasons Why Ubuntu Is More Secure Than Windows & Mac OS X

1. Linux Has Limited Default User Privileges

In Windows OS/Mac OS users get the authentication to access everything on the system as, by default, they are given administrator privileges. When viruses make their way to the system, they can easily spread and invest the rest of the system. Here is why Linux is great. On Linux the users are given lower access and hence virus can only reach to the local files and folders so the system wide damage is saved.

What that means is that even if a Linux system is compromised, the virus won’t have the root access it would need to do damage system wide; more likely, just the user’s local files and programs would be affected. That can make the difference between a minor annoyance and a major catastrophe in any business setting.

2. Linux Has Tougher Program Permissions

This sort of goes along with Linux Privileges but there is a difference. In a Mac OS or Window OS machine, if a user downloads an email with an attachment that has a virus, all the user has to do is run the file and the file can infect the system but on Linux and even Chrome OS, that’s not possible. Linux/Ubuntu would require the user to actually give the program even more permissions before it gets a chance to install anything on your machine, brilliant coding. I do hear that starting from Windows 10, Windows OS will try to follow a similar setup.

3. Linux Has A Powerful Auditing System

Linux/Ubuntu has awesome Auditing system by default. Including detailed Logs that can tell you exactly what a user/program attempted to do. Basically an internal key logger that monitors everything including failed login attempts.

4. Linux Is Open Source

This matters much more than people think. Because Linux is an open source operating system, whenever a virus or a huge bug goes public, millions of people from all over the world try their best to help patch it up. Once a user finds a way to fix the issue they can send their updated code directly to the official Linux employees and they can add it to the next update. This system works well unlike Windows OS/Mac OS X where only a few paid employees have direct access to the code hence it usually takes longer for Windows and Mac systems to fix a bug or secure an exploit. Lets hope Linux stays open source forever!

5. Linux Has Less Users That Use It

Whether we Linux people like to admit or not, not many people use Linux! Yes we know it is used by almost every web hosting company/company organization to store data etc but when it comes to the regular user, your neighbor, your girlfriend/boyfriend or your grandma, most of them will choose Windows over any other OS and this is a good thing because it means less viruses/spyware will be designed for Linux. The less popular you are, the more people ignore you, get it? Lol it’s really as simple as that.

Let me just remind you all that even though Linux/Ubuntu might be the most secure OS in the market, it doesn’t mean it is 100% hacker proof. Hell, there are a few viruses on the Linux system that’s why you still need some anti-virus apps for Ubuntu installed on your system to be safe no matter what.

source:http://www.ubuntufree.com/

25 Linux commands for System Administrators

man

The most important command in Linux, man shows information about other commands. You can start by running “man man” to find more about the man command.

uptime

This command tells you how long your system has been running for.

w

This command shows who is logged into your system and what they are currently doing.

users

This shows you the usernames of users who are currently logged in to your system.

whoami

Prints the username of the user that you are currently logged in as.

grep

Finds text in files and outputs the neighbouring text along with file names. You can recursively search in multiple files using -r. You can output only file names using -l.

less

If the case your output of a command or file contests are more your screen can accomodate, you can view it in parts using less. The output of the previous command using less is the following.

cat

This helps in displaying, copying or combining text files.

pwd

Prints the absolute path of the current working directory.

ssh

This commands helps you connect to a remote host. You can either connect as

   ssh remote_host

or

   ssh remote_username@remote_host

scp

Copy files securely and remotely over servers.

sudo

Use this to run any command as the superuser (root). It is prefixed to the commands.

service

You can use it to perform tasks on different services, which runs scripts for the corresponding services. For instance, to restart apache2 web server, we use service apache2 restart. A sudo is prefixed to run as root because all users do not have permission to run the scripts.

Do note that some do not require sudo.

locate

Find files on your system by name.

chmod

Chmod changes file permissions in Linux. You can set which users or user groups have what kind of access to a particular file. The topic of file permissions in Linux is a huge one in itself and beyond the scope of this post. You can, however, look at this thread for further reading.

chown

Change ownership of a file to a user or a user group.

pkill

Kill a process using this command.

crontab

This is a program that is used to manage cron jobs in Linux. To list existing cron jobs, run crontab -l.

alias

You use an alias when you are in need to shorten a command.

Aliases are not saved after you close the current terminal session. To do that you need to create an alias in ~/.bashrc.

echo

Display or output text. Used in making bash scripts.

cmp

This command compares two files byte by byte.

mount

Mounts a filesystem. There are different options in this command that you can use which enables you to mount even remote file systems.

pmap

This command is used to show the memory map of a process. You can get the process id (pid) by running

   ps aux | grep <process_name>

Then run pmap -x <pid>

wget

Downloads a file from a network.

ifconfig

This command is used to configure a network’s interface. Just writing the command displays the configuration.

With this, we come to the end of the list of the important commands. We hope that it was educational for you. If you have any issues, feel free to comment below!

Write a singleton class.

package com.instanceofjava;

public class Singleton {

static Singleton obj;
private  Singleton(){
}

public static Singleton getInstance(){
if(obj!=null){
return  obj;
}
else{
 obj=new Singleton();
return obj;
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Singleton obj=Singleton.getInstance();
Singleton obj1=Singleton.getInstance();

if(obj==obj1){
System.out.println("indhu");
}
else{
System.out.println("Sindhu");
}
               System.out.println(obj==obj1);

}
}

Output:

indhu

true

Find out middle index where sum of both ends are equal.

//Here first we traverse the array once to find total sum of array…. then we again start from 0th position and start subtracting value from total sum and go on adding it to leftsum and then compare leftsum and total remaining sum

public class FindMiddleIndexWhenSumOfBothSidesEqual {

 public static int findMiddleIndexMethod(int[] intArray){

int sumArray = 0;

int leftSumArray=0;

for (int i=0; i<intArray.length;i++){

sumArray+=intArray[i];

}

 for (int j=0; j<intArray.length; j++){

sumArray=sumArray-intArray[j];

 if (leftSumArray==sumArray){

return j;

}

leftSumArray+=intArray[j];

}

return -1;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] ia = {1, 5, 8, 7, 8, 1, 5};

int mi = findMiddleIndexMethod(ia);

System.out.print(“Middle index of the array when both ends sums equal: “+ia[mi]);

 }

}